Foreword
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The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 204, Intelligent transport systems.
ISO 17427 consists of the following parts under the general title, Intelligent transport systems — Cooperative ITS:
— Part 2: Framework overview [Technical Report]
— Part 3: Concept of operations (ConOps) for ‘Core’ systems [Technical Report]
— Part 4: Minimum system requirements and behaviour for core systems [Technical Report]
— Part 6: ‘Core System’ risk assessment methodology [Technical Report]
— Part 7: Privacy aspects [Technical Report]
— Part 8: Liability aspects [Technical Report]
— Part 9: Compliance and enforcement aspects [Technical Report]
— Part 10: Driver distraction and information display [Technical Report]
The following parts are under preparation:
— Part 1: Roles and responsibilities in the context of co-operative ITS architecture(s)
— Part 5: Common approaches to security [Technical Report]
— Part 11: Compliance and enforcement aspects [Technical Report]
— Part 12: Release processes [Technical Report]
— Part 13: Use case test cases [Technical Report]
— Part 14: Maintenance requirements and processes [Technical Report]
This Technical Report provides an informative ‘C-ITS Core System Risk Assessment Methodology’ for Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems (C-ITS). It should be studied alongside ISO 17427-1, ISO/TR 17465-1, and other parts of the ISO/TR 17465 series and ISO 21217. Detailed specifications for the application context will be provided by other ISO, CEN and SAE deliverables, and communications specifications will be provided by ISO, IEEE and ETSI.
Introduction
Intelligent transport systems (ITS) are transport systems in which advanced information, communication, sensor and control technologies, including the Internet, are applied to increase safety, sustainability, efficiency, and comfort.
A distinguishing feature of ‘ITS’ is its communication with outside entities.
Some ITS systems operate autonomously, for example, ‘adaptive cruise control’ uses radar/lidar/and/or video to characterize the behaviour of the vehicle in front and adjust its vehicle speed accordingly. Some ITS systems are informative, for example, ‘Variable Message Signs’ at the roadside, or transmitted into the vehicle, provide information and advice to the driver. Some ITS systems are semi-autonomous, in that, they are largely autonomous, but rely on ‘static’ or ‘broadcast’ data, for example, GNSS based ‘SatNav’ systems operate autonomously within a vehicle but are dependent on receiving data broadcast from satellites in order to calculate the location of the vehicle.
Cooperative Intelligent transport systems (C-ITS) are a group of ITS technologies where service provision is enabled by, or enhanced by, the use of ‘live’, present situation related, dynamic data/information from other entities of similar functionality [for example, from one vehicle to other vehicle(s)], and/or between different elements of the transport network, including vehicles and infrastructure [for example, from the vehicle to an infrastructure managed system or from an infrastructure managed system to vehicle(s)]. Effectively, these systems allow vehicles to ‘talk’ to each other and to the infrastructure. These systems have significant potential to improve the transport network.
A distinguishing feature of ‘C-ITS, is that, data is used across application/service boundaries.
It is important to understand that C-ITS is not an end in itself, but a combination of techniques, protocols, systems and sub-systems to enable ‘cooperative’/collaborative service provision.
The purpose of this ‘C-ITS Risk Assessment Methodology’ Technical Report is to identify critical technical and cost risks that can impact C-ITS vehicle and highway systems service provision deployment, and to provide means to evaluate such risks. Risk varies according to the complexity, size, commercial paradigm, and political paradigm prevalent in each jurisdiction where C-ITS are supported.
While the principle causes of risks, both technical and cost risks, will be generally similar in each jurisdiction which encourages and supports C-ITS vehicle and highway systems, the quantifiable or assessable risk will vary to some extent in each case, and each jurisdiction, the core system operator, and application service provider, will need to make their own risk assessment. This Technical Report, therefore, does not provide a calculated ‘global’ risk assessment for C-ITS, but identifies the principal causes of risk, and provides a consistent way for a jurisdiction, core system operator, or application service provider, to assess the risks that they face.
Some see the evolution of C-ITS as possible on a V2V basis, without the need for ‘Core Systems’ and such casual encounter C-ITS is indeed possible and the technology proven. The subject of risks associated with In-vehicle systems is outside of the scope of this Technical Report, which is focused on risk assessment for core system deployments.
The principle environment that this ‘Risk Assessment Technical Report’ is designed to embrace are C-ITS vehicle and highway systems where there is some institutional involvement and support, by the direct or indirect provision of core system support, and it is the risks associated with the deployment of ‘Core Systems’ that provide the focus of this Technical Report.
This Technical Report is a ‘living document’, and as our experience with C-ITS develops, it is intended that it will be updated from time to time, as and when we see opportunities to improve this Technical Report.
1   Scope
The scope of this Technical Report is to identify critical technical and financial risks that can impact the core system deployment supporting C-ITS vehicle and highway systems service provision and to provide means to evaluate such risks.
This Technical Report is designed to embrace C-ITS vehicle and highway systems where there is some institutional involvement and support, by the direct or indirect provision of core system support, and it is the risks associated with the deployment of ‘Core Systems’ that provide the focus of this Technical Report.
This Technical Report does not provide a calculated ‘global’ risk assessment for C-ITS, but identifies the principal causes of risk, and provides a consistent methodology for a jurisdiction, core system operator, or application service provider, to assess the risks that they face. The objective of this Technical Report is to raise awareness of and consideration of such issues and to give pointers, where appropriate, to standards deliverables existing that provide specifications for all or some of these aspects. This Technical Report does not provide specifications for solutions of these issues.
2   Terms and definitions
2.1
application
software application
2.2
application service
service provided by a service provider accessing data from the IVS vehicle in the case of C-ITS, through a wireless communications network, or provided on-board the vehicle as the result of software (and potentially also hardware and firmware) installed by a service provider or to a service provider’s instruction
2.3
cooperative ITS
C-ITS
group of ITS technologies where service provision is enabled, or enhanced by, the use of ‘live’, present situation related, data/information from other entities of similar functionality [for example, from one vehicle to other vehicle(s)], and/or between different elements of the transport network, including vehicles and infrastructure (for example, from the vehicle to an infrastructure managed system or from an infrastructure managed system to vehicle(s)]
2.4
‘core’ system
combination of enabling technologies and services that provides the foundation for the support of a distributed, diverse set of applications (2.1)/application transactions which works in conjunction with ‘external support systems’ such as ‘Certificate Authorities’
Note 1 to entry: The system boundary for the core system is not defined in terms of devices or agencies or vendors, but by the open, standardized interface specifications that govern the behaviour of all interactions between core system users.
2.5
global navigation satellite system
GNSS
several networks of satellites that transmit radio signals containing time and distance data that can be picked up by a receiver, allowing the user to identify the location of its receiver anywhere around the globe
2.6
in-vehicle system
hardware, firmware and software on board a vehicle that provides a platform to support C-ITS service provision, including that of the ITS-station (ISO 21217), the facilities layer, data pantry and on-board ‘apps’
2.7
intelligent transport systems
ITS
transport systems in which advanced information, communication, sensor and control technologies, including the Internet, are applied to increase safety, sustainability, efficiency, and comfort
2.8
ITS-station
ITS-S
entity in a communication network [comprised of application (2.1), facilities, networking and access layer components] that is capable of executing ITS-S application processes, comprised of an ITS-S facilities layer, ITS-S networking & transport layer, ITS-S access layer, ITS-S management entity and ITS-S security entity, which adheres to a minimum set of security principles and procedures so as to establish a level of trust between itself and other similar ITS stations with which it communicates

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